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- Business Plan Master - User's Guide
- -------------------------------------------------
- Part II
-
-
-
- It is very important that you enter the correct numbers in the
- "Statement Variables" area.
-
- Formula Go To - Statement Variables".
-
- Enter
-
- 1. The percentage rates of returns you project
- 2. Your state tax rate
- 3. Your federal tax rate.
-
-
- ******
- Note:
- ******
-
- In the following sections, you might see an entry "NA". This
- means that the denominator in the equation equaled zero. Since we
- can't divide by zero, an error is created. This should not be
- taken as a negative. In fact it cane be very positive. Many of
- the ratios are figured on debt. If you have no debt, you have a
- zero denominator. Frankly, I think that is wonderful. I just
- wanted you to know the math behind this. Look at each ratio to
- determine if there might be cause for concern or celebration.
-
-
- Balance Sheet A216:G260
-
- Automatically generated. This shows the relationship of your
- assets, liabilities, and your net worth.
-
- Ratio Analysis A263:J287
-
- Now we analyze the Income Statement and the Balance Sheet. Now you
- can start to see if your idea is healthy or not.
-
- Current Ratio Current Assets/Current Liabilities
- Acid Ratio Cash + AR/Current Liabilities
- Debt Ratio Total Assets/Total Liabilities
- TIE Times Earned Interest
- EBIT (Earnings Before Interest & Taxes)/
- Interest Expense (no usage here)
- Inventory Turn Ending Inventory X 360/Cost of
- Goods Sold
- Avg. Collection AR X 360/Sales
- Total Asset Turn Sales/Total Assets
- Gross Margin Gross Profit/Sales
- Net Margin Net Income/Sales
- Return on Assets Net Income/Total Assets
- Return on Equity Net Income/Net Worth
- Officers Comp Officer's Compensation/Sales
- Business Plan Master Page 11 User's Guide Business Plan Master - User's Guide
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-
- Dun & Bradstreet Industry Norms A290:I349
-
- None of the ratios mean anything until you can compare them to
- others in your industry. The "Industry Norms" are complied on the
- basis of SIC Code numbers. Not all numbers are available, so if
- your isn't use the closest you can find. You do not want to be in
- the lower range of numbers nor do you want to be beyond the highs.
- No one will believe you if you are higher. If you are low, it
- will be very hard to get anyone to fund you as most projections
- are believed to be optimistic. (Available from most public
- libraries).
-
- These ratios are similar to the above ratios. Detailed
- (excruciating) explanations are in the D&B book.
-
-
-
- RMA A355:D404
-
- Another set of industry statistics comes from the Robert Morris
- Associates. The same advice holds for these as for the D&B
- reports. (Available from most public libraries).
-
-
- -------------------------------
- Break Even Worksheet
- __________________
-
- This is an incredibly simple worksheet to help you determine your
- breakeven point. All you have to do is enter the numbers in the
- noted areas.
-
- The two items you may not know are price and quantity. Price
- is defined as the price at which you will be selling your product.
- The quantity is the number sold. Everything else you should
- already know.
-
- So, if you want to know your breakeven price and you know
- everything else enter it in. Then (Excel) hit "Option-Command-p" or use
- "Run Macro - Price" or (Works) Command-p. This solves for price.
-
- If you want to know your breakeven quantity, enter everything else
- and then hit (Excel) "Option-Command-q" or "Run Macro-Quantity"
- (Works) Command-q. This solves for quantity.
-
- Please remember that Profit always equals $0.
-
- Also as with all Excel and Works macros, make sure you have the
- Breakeven Macros file open or it won't run.
-
- Business Plan Master Page 12 User's Guide
- Business Plan Master - User's Guide
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- Business Plan Master
- _________________
-
-
- This file contains boilerplate text and is already formatted for a
- well-written professional business plan. We will now explain how
- to complete the following sections:
-
-
- Title Page
-
- First replace [My Company] with your company's name. Fill in the
- correct address and phone number as well. Finally replace [Your
- Name] with your name and replace [DATE] with today's date.
-
-
- Table of Contents
-
- Many word processing programs can generate a table of contents
- automatically and can paginate automatically. If yours doesn't
- you may want to consider paginating manually.
-
-
- Executive Summary
-
-
- This is the page where pagination and your footer starts. Open up
- the footer and replace [My Company] with your company name. Be
- sure to start pagination at Page 1.
-
- The remainder of this section should be written after the other
- sections are complete. It is a complete summary of your company
- and its objectives.
-
- Go through and replace the following:
-
- 1. [My Company] to your company name. It is ok to do a global
- search-and-replace if your program supports that. If you are allowed
- to confirm each replacement, it is a good idea to do so.
-
- 2. [I/we] to whichever is appropriate. May also be globally replaced.
-
- 3. Most other changes are unique to this page and are obvious.
- Whenever you come across <Product> and <Service>, this means
- that the items following pertain either to a product oriented business
- or a service oriented business. Of course, if you see something
- you want to use, by all means do so.
-
-
- Business Plan Master Page 13 User's Guide
- Business Plan Master - User's Guide
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- 4. Always look out for "XXX" this means to replace this with a number.
-
- 5. Also be on the lookout for my attempts at comedy (i.e. Ferrari
- Testarossa). A business plan doesn't have to be dry and boring.
- But it should be original so use your own jokes!
-
- Be sure to include:
-
- • Type of business you have or are starting.
-
- • If you are currently in business, how are you doing?
-
- • What form you business is in - proprietorship, partnership,
- corporations (Subchapter S, etc.)
-
- • How are you going to be profitable and how profitable?
-
- • What distinguishes your business from the competition?
-
- • What are the financial rewards?
-
-
-
- Financial Goals Table:
-
- The data for this table is available from the BPM Proforma
- Financials (Stock Analysis) spreadsheet. The exact location is
- A413:F432. You must enter this manually from the BPM
- Proforma Financials.
-
-
-
-
- The Management
-
-
- [Include either your resume (if proprietor) or short biographies
- (if partnership or corporation). Be sure to include all
- experience and information pertinent to this type of business.
- Then you will need to include a section on duties and
- responsibilities. This might incorporate a simple organization
- chart. Include salaries.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Business Plan Master Page 14 User's Guide
- Business Plan Master - User's Guide
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-
-
- [My Company] History
-
- If you have been in business, give a complete but brief history of
- your accomplishments to date. Short, succinct paragraphs are all
- that is truly necessary. Include all highlights whether positive
- or negative. The negative portions should include the lessons you
- learned and the steps taken to prevent a recurrence. This is very
- valuable. Everyone has made mistakes. Did you learn from them?
- Make sure your history ties into where you are going from now.
- Don't leave time gaps.
-
-
-
- [Product, Service] Description
-
- The readers of your business plan will want to know exactly what
- your product or service offering is. The length of this section
- is in direct proportion to the complexity of your service or
- product. Look one again for comments and suggested text in
- brackets which will need to be replaced. The complexity of your
- description will also be dictated by the audience your business
- plan is addressing. Investors may not understand all your
- technical lingo, whereas a partner with a technical background
- will want to see it all.
-
-
-
- Objectives
-
- Long Term
-
- State very simply what your firm's long term objectives are. Long
- term should be considered 5-10 years. Pithy statements such as
- "market leader", "most profitable", etc. are obvious. What you
- need are clear direct statements of intent.
-
- Short Term
-
- Short-term goals are those to be met within 5 years. Again steer
- clear of pithy overused marketing mumbo jumbo and just state your
- intent backed up with a plan. Short-term goals should mesh
- invisibly into and support long term goals.
-
-
- Competitors
-
- List all your competitors along with their respective strengths
- and weaknesses. Discuss how you will compete against these
- strengths and weaknesses, if you intend to do so directly.
-
- Business Plan Master Page 15 User's Guide
- Business Plan Master - User's Guide
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-
-
- Our Competitive Advantages
-
- Unless you can distinguish yourself from the competition, you may
- have a rough go of it. It is very important that you have an
- honest appraisal of your company strengths and weaknesses as well
- as the strengths and weaknesses of your competitors. Some may
- prefer to switch this section with the section on "Competitors".
- However, if you have multiple products with different competitors,
- use a separate section for each product and examine the
- competition there.
-
- Make sure that you speak to all of your competitors' strengths and
- weaknesses whether you intend to meet them or not, as well as how
- these strengths and weakness will impact your business.
-
- This section has also been divided between <Product> and
- <Service>.
-
- Summary
-
- Because you have been so thorough in your explanation of your
- particular advantages, you need to summarize your competitive
- advantages so that your reader will get the gist of what your are
- saying.
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- Business Plan Master Page 16 User's Guide
- Business Plan Master - User's Guide
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-
- Pricing
-
- You will need to discuss at what price you will be offering your
- products or services. Respond to the following questions:
-
- • How did you calculate this price?
-
- • How does this price compare to your competition?
- Remember that price competition for a startup company
- is usually deadly for the startup company. It is
- better to offer more services or tangible benefits with
- a higher price.
-
- • What pricing policy are you following (cost plus,
- market, seat-of-pants, etc.)?
-
-
- Specific Markets
-
- If you are entering several markets at once (not a good idea
- unless they are very compatible or the single line of products or
- services you are offering cross market lines) it is mandatory that
- you discuss your strategy for each market.
-
- Market #1
-
- General History
-
- Give a specialized history of this market and how it pertains to
- your product. Keep in mind that you know your market better than
- anyone. Therefore outsiders may not understand it as you do. Try
- to imagine writing this for someone who knows nothing about your
- industry or product. This will help you keep your ideas simple
- and clear.
-
-
- Entry Strategy
-
- Discuss how you will enter (or have entered) this particular
- market in detail.
-
-
- Growth Strategy
-
- Having now entered this market, how will you maintain and increase
- your sales and service?
-
-
- Market Size & Share
-
- State directly what you expect to achieve in this market.
-
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-
-
- Other Markets
-
-
- Use the same format for additional markets.
-
-
-
- Targeting New Markets
-
- In order to keep growing, you will need to either expand into your
- present market or address other markets. How are you going to do
- this?
-
-
-
- Location
-
- For many businesses, the location where you run your business is
- extremely important. This is true for manufacturing, distribution
- or wholesale businesses as well as many service industries and
- product-based industries where being close to clients and
- customers is very important.
-
-
-
- Manufacturing Plan
-
- This section does not apply to service businesses. Because of the
- difference in manufacturing processes, I have just included some
- sample text. You will need to address the following questions:
-
- • What are your sources of supply? Do you have secondary
- sources?
-
- • Which production method will you be using? Is it state
- of the art?
-
- • How do you [will you] protect your cost advantage?
-
- • Will you be a job shop or mass production?
-
- • Are there any toxic or hazardous materials involved
- with your production [include by-products] and how will
- you handle them?
-
- • What will be your quality control procedures?
-
- • What do you estimate to be your capital asset
- requirements?
-
- Business Plan Master Page 18 User's Guide
- Business Plan Master - User's Guide
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-
- Research & Development
-
- Probably also only for product based businesses, unless continuing
- education will play an important role in your service- based
- business. The following points need to be covered:
-
- • List and explain your present research achievements.
-
- • Who will control research efforts?
-
- • Describe projects underway are planned for near future.
-
- • What has been your success in terms of rate of
- investment?
-
- • Are any government funding sources available to you?
-
- • Are you involved or seeking to be involved in any R&D
- partnerships?
-
-
-
- Historical Financial Data
-
- Simply include these statements in the "Attachment" area. Also
- discuss all assumptions, successes, problems, discrepancies and
- other items not obvious to the Casual observer. Also include the
- worksheet "BPM Historical Financials". These include valuable
- guides to industry standards for use in comparing your business
- with others in your field. For information on filling in this
- spreadsheet, see the section "BPM Historical Financial Worksheet"
- above.
-
- Also explain any occurrences of "NA" and their significance.
-
-
-
-
-
- Proforma Financial Data
-
- Give a complete explanation of all your financial statements.
- Clear up anything that might not be obvious to the casual
- observer. Check documentation for complete explanation of
- spreadsheets.
-
- Also explain any occurences of "NA" and their significance.
-
-
-
-
- Business Plan Master Page 19 User's Guide
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- Proforma Cash Flow Analysis
-
-
- Assumptions
-
- Just because the worksheets make sense to you, they probably won't
- make sense to anyone else. Also, you may forget what your own
- assumptions were. BE SURE TO KEEP THIS UP-TO-DATE!
-
-
- Sales Forecast
-
- Putting your growth rates here will help you remember what you
- forecast as well as presenting these numbers in a simplified
- fashion.
-
-
-
- Cash Flow Variables
-
- You need to be forthcoming about any variables which may effect
- your cash flow. No business ever goes exactly according to plan.
- The idea is to show that you can keep on top of it when things go
- worse than expected and also when things go better than expected.
- Both can be dangerous!
-
-
-
- Income Statement
-
-
- Assumptions
-
- Just because the worksheets make sense to you, they probably won't
- make sense to anyone else. Also, you may forget what your own
- assumptions were. BE SURE TO KEEP THIS UP-TO-DATE!
-
-
- Risks & Variables
-
- Share your assumptions and what might happen if your assumptions
- are wrong - positive or negative.
-
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- Business Plan Master Page 20 User's Guide
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- Balance Sheet
-
-
- Cost Control
-
- How do you plan to track your financial progress?
-
-
- Ratio Analysis
-
- Ratio Analysis allows you to track your performance in accord with
- some financial conventions. These ratios will be closely looked
- at by bankers and others interested in investing in your business.
- More importantly, you should know where you stand.
-
-
- Financial Standards
-
- The two most popular sources of industry financial rations are Dun
- & Bradstreet's Industry Norms and the Robert Morris Associates
- tables. Both of these references should be available in your
- public library in the business reference section. These two items
- are copyrighted by their respective companies.
-
-
- Breakeven Point
-
- Taken from Breakeven Analysis spreadsheet.
-
-
- Use of Money
-
- This section is for those who are seeking to raise capital or debt
- financing. You need to let your prospective investors know where
- the money is going. Even close friends and family need to be kept
- informed about where the money is going. Consider the following
- questions:
-
- • Where is the money going?
-
- • Who is the supplier?
-
- • What is the price?
-
- • Model name and number.
-
- • Are there any extra charges such as sales tax,
- installation charges and freight?
-
- • How will this make this business more profitable?
-
-
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- Business Plan Master Page 21 User's Guide